Abstracts Terrorism in Pakistan: Post 9/11 Study of Roots and Causes

Terrorism in Pakistan: Post 9/11 Study of Roots and Causes Muhammad Ijaz Latif and Rehman Afzal Khan Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. e-mail: [email protected] and lecturer, Government Degree College for Special Education Bahawalpur, Pakistan respectively. Abstract: One of the most shocking and tragic implication of 9/11 was the emergence of the issue of terrorism. 9/11 and its aftermath had an obvious effect world over. Terrorism suddenly became the focus for the globe for 21 century. Pakistan, once again came into lime light but this time not by choice. Pakistan was declared “front-line” state in America’s war on terror but at such a high cost that was never anticipated by the decision makers. Pakistan has also fallen victim to its so-called “Jihadists” and a new age of terror started for Pakistan. The situation has also become very alarming. At domestic level, it is commonly perceived that prevailing terrorism in Pakistan is the consequence of allying Pakistan to America’s War on terror but Terrorism in Pakistan is not as simple as this. Post 9/11 terrorism in Pakistan is a multi-dimensional complex issue which has roots that lead to more than one origin. This paper explores post 9/11 terrorism in Pakistan on the grounds of factual happenings i.e. the terrorist events reported in Pakistan, type of attacks and type of targets. This paper presents the events of terrorism and their study on objective grounds to locate the trail of terrorism in Pakistan. One of the most shocking and tragic implication of 9/11 was the emergence of the issue of terrorism. 9/11 and its aftermath had an obvious effect world over. Terrorism suddenly became the focus for the globe for 21 century. Pakistan, once again came into lime light but this time not by choice. Pakistan was declared “front-line” state in America’s war on terror but at such a high cost that was never anticipated by the decision makers. Pakistan has also fallen victim to its so-called “Jihadists” and a new age of terror started for Pakistan. The situation has also become very alarming. At domestic level, it is commonly perceived that prevailing terrorism in Pakistan is the consequence of allying Pakistan to America’s War on terror but Terrorism in Pakistan is not as simple as this. Post 9/11 terrorism in Pakistan is a multi-dimensional complex issue which has roots that lead to more than one origin. This paper explores post 9/11 terrorism in Pakistan on the grounds of factual happenings i.e. the terrorist events reported in Pakistan, type of attacks and type of targets. This paper presents the events of terrorism and their study on objective grounds to locate the trail of terrorism in Pakistan. China and Africa in the 21 Century: A Study in Bi-lateral Economic Relations Chuka Enuka Center for Contemporary International Relations Studies, Jilin University, China. Abstract: In the 1960s and 70s, China’s interest and foreign policy was pivoted on building ideological solidarity with other developing nations to advance what later became the South-South Cooperation. As a result of growth, concomitant with opening up, China’s interest in Africa became renewed, centering more on trade and economic ties. China’s re-engagement with Africa in the 21 Century forms a part of its global foreign policy as an emergent super power and transitional capitalist economy. Thus, besides seeking partners among developing countries as it tries to assert itself in international affairs and challenge the hegemony of the West over Africa, as a new and blossoming capitalist economy, it is inevitable that China expands overseas to Africa in search of raw materials, markets and surplus extraction. China’s renewed links with and recent economic inroads into Africa have generated a lot of controversy and analysis from different circles. While some express optimism that China’s presence will usher the continent into a fast lane of progress, others dismiss China as another economic predator that will further complicate and deteriorate the economic situation of Africa. This paper probes into the SinoAfrican economic ties of the 21 Century, and discusses the opportunities and challenges emanating from the relationship. It concludes with suggestions of what Africa must do to ensure that the bilateral economic relationship is mutually beneficial. In the 1960s and 70s, China’s interest and foreign policy was pivoted on building ideological solidarity with other developing nations to advance what later became the South-South Cooperation. As a result of growth, concomitant with opening up, China’s interest in Africa became renewed, centering more on trade and economic ties. China’s re-engagement with Africa in the 21 Century forms a part of its global foreign policy as an emergent super power and transitional capitalist economy. Thus, besides seeking partners among developing countries as it tries to assert itself in international affairs and challenge the hegemony of the West over Africa, as a new and blossoming capitalist economy, it is inevitable that China expands overseas to Africa in search of raw materials, markets and surplus extraction. China’s renewed links with and recent economic inroads into Africa have generated a lot of controversy and analysis from different circles. While some express optimism that China’s presence will usher the continent into a fast lane of progress, others dismiss China as another economic predator that will further complicate and deteriorate the economic situation of Africa. This paper probes into the SinoAfrican economic ties of the 21 Century, and discusses the opportunities and challenges emanating from the relationship. It concludes with suggestions of what Africa must do to ensure that the bilateral economic relationship is mutually beneficial. Finance-Openness Nexus and Financial Institutions: A Case of Pakistan Mohammad Shahbaz and Naveed Aamir CIIT, Comsat, Lahore, Pakistan and Economist at Social Policy and Development Centre (SPDC), Karachi, Pakistan < [email protected]>respectively. Abstract: There is scantiness of empirical research on the specific relationship between financial institutions, capital account liberalization and trade-openness but there is no particular study in the case of Pakistan. This study investigates the importance of financial institutions, net financial capital inflows and trade-openness for financial sector’s development in a small developing economy like Pakistan. Further, it also examines the hypothesis (Zingales and Rajan, 2003), predicts combined influence of capital account liberalization and trade openness on financial sector’s efficiency but insignificant. We employed three approaches (Johansen test, DOLS and ARDL bound testing) for the robustness of long run relationships among the variables utilizing the annual data for the period 1971-2006. We found that, under the investigation of three new alternative techniques, results are robust for long run relationships in the case of Pakistan. Coefficient of net capital inflows is having positive impact on financial development in the long run but insignificant in short run. Trade openness is the main source of financial sector’s development both in long run as well as in short run. On the other hand, financial institutions and economic growth also help to improve the development of financial markets in both the periods. Finally, rise in inflation reduces the efficiency of financial markets through its detrimental channels in the economy in short run as well in long run.